%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk. %% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/ %% Created for Giordano Beretta at 2008-08-25 16:09:27 -0700 %% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) @inproceedings{gbb08b, Abstract = {We attempt to disambiguate the concept of interference by examining associated photon states using chaotic sources and the Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) detection of bunched photons. The difficulties of HBT data acquisition are generally underappreciated. An advantage of our approach is super-linear speedup through the development of a new imaging device consisting of a 2-dimensional array of single-photon avalanche detectors. A 4x4 array enables 16^C_2 = 120 HBT coincidence experiments to be run in parallel to generate a 2-dimensional distribution of g^(2) correlations; making plausible the term "g2 camera" for this quantum imaging device.}, Address = {San Diego (California, USA)}, Author = {Boiko, Dmitri L. and Gunther, Neil J. and Sergio, Maximilian and Niclass, Cristiano and Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Charbon, Edoardo}, Booktitle = {Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging VI}, Date-Added = {2008-08-25 15:21:10 -0700}, Date-Modified = {2008-08-25 16:09:26 -0700}, Editor = {Meyers, Ronald E. and Shih, Yanhua and Deacon, Keith S.}, Keywords = {BEC, Bose-Einstein, condensate, chaotic light, correlations, HBT, quantum imaging, SPAD}, Month = {August}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {Optics + Photonics 2008; Atmospheric and Space Optical Systems}, Title = {Experiments Supporting the Concept of a $g^{(2)}$-Camera}, Volume = {7092}, Year = {2008}} @misc{latsis, Author = {Dmitry L. Boiko and Neil J. Gunther and Niels Brauer and Maximilian Sergio and Cristiano Niclass and Giordano Bruno Beretta and Edoardo Charbon}, Date-Modified = {2008-08-25 15:20:22 -0700}, Howpublished = {LATSIS Conference}, Month = {January 28}, Title = {Quantum Imager of Second-order Correlations $g^{(2)}(x',t',x,t)$}, Year = 2008} @misc{spienews06, Author = {Neil J. Gunther and Edoardo Charbon and Dmitri L. Boiko and Giordano Bruno Beretta}, Howpublished = {SPIE Newsroom, \url{http://spie.org/x8567.xml}}, Month = {November}, Title = {Photonic information processing needs quantum design rules}, Year = 2006} @inproceedings{gbb0702, Abstract = {A recent trend in psychophysics experiments related to image quality is to perform the experiments on the World Wide Web with a large number of observers instead of in a laboratory under controlled conditions. This method assumes that the large number of participants involved in a Web investigation `averages out' the parameters that the experiments would require to keep fixed in the same experiment performed, following a traditional approach, under controlled conditions. In this paper we present the results of two experiments we have conducted to assess the minimum value of color contrast to ensure readability. The first experiment was performed in a controlled environment, the second on the Web. The result emerging from the statistical data analysis is that the Web experiment yields the same conclusions as the experiment done in the laboratory.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Zuffi, Silvia and Scala, Paolo and Brambilla, Carla and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Image Quality and System Performance IV}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:27:55 -0700}, Editor = {Luke C. Cui and Yoichi Miyake}, Month = {January}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {649407}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Web-based versus controlled environment psychophysics experiments}, Volume = {6494}, Year = {2007}} @misc{gbb0701, Author = {Sang, Jr., Henry W. and Untulis, Charles A. and Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Clearwater, Scott H.}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:22:50 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 7,240,047}, Isbn = {7,240,047}, Month = {March}, Number = {10/326,062}, Publisher = {Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. (Houston, TX)}, Title = {Apparatus and method for market-based document layout selection}, Year = {2007}} @inproceedings{gbb0703, Abstract = {The words in a document are often supported, illustrated, and enriched by visuals. When color is used, some of it is used to define the document's identity and is therefore strictly controlled in the design process. The result of this design process is a `color specification sheet,' which must be created for every background color. While in traditional publishing there are only a few backgrounds, in variable data publishing a larger number of backgrounds can be used. We present an algorithm that nudges the colors in a visual to be distinct from a background while preserving the visual's general color character.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Color Imaging XII: Processing, Hardcopy, and Applications}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:25:01 -0700}, Editor = {Reiner Eschbach and Gabriel G. Marcu}, Month = {January}, Pages = {64930L}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Adaptive color artwork}, Volume = {6493}, Year = {2007}} @inproceedings{gbb81, Abstract = {One of the issues in Web page design is the selection of appropriate combinations of background and foreground colors to display textual information. Colors have to be selected in order to guarantee legibility for different devices, viewing conditions and, more important, for all the users, including those with deficient color vision. In this paper we present a tool to select background and foreground colors for the display of textual information. The tool is based on the Munsell Book of Colors; it allows the browsing of the atlas and indicates plausible colors based on a set of legibility rules, which have been defined experimentally.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Zuffi, Silvia and Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Brambilla, Carla}, Booktitle = {Internet Imaging VII}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:24:34 -0700}, Editor = {Simone Santini and Raimondo Schettini and Theo Gevers}, Keywords = {readability; color; Web design; automatic layout}, Month = {January}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {606108}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {A color selection tool for the readability of textual information on web pages}, Volume = {6061}, Year = {2006}} @techreport{gbb86, Abstract = {We continue our previous program where we introduced a set of quantum-based design rules directed at quantum engineers who design single-photon quantum communications and quantum imaging devices. Here, we report on experimental progress using SPAD (single photon avalanche diode) arrays of our design and fabricated in CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology. Emerging high-resolution imaging techniques based on SPAD arrays have proven useful in a variety of disciplines including bio- fluorescence microscopy and 3D vision systems. They have also been particularly successful for intra-chip optical communications implemented entirely in CMOS technology. More importantly for our purposes, a very low dark count allows SPADs to detect rare photon events with a high dynamic range and high signal to noise ratio. Our CMOS SPADs support multi-channel detection of photon arrivals with picosecond accuracy, several million times per second, due to a very short detection cycle. The tiny chip area means they are suitable for highly miniaturized quantum imaging devices and that is how we employ them in this paper. Our quantum path integral analysis of the Young- Afshar-Wheeler interferometer showed that Bohr's complementarity principle was not violated due the previously overlooked effect of photon bifurcation within the lens-a phenomenon consistent with our quantum design rules-which accounts for the loss of which-path information in the presence of interference. In this paper, we report on our progress toward the construction of quantitative design rules as well as some proposed tests for quantum imaging devices using entangled photon sources with our SPAD imager. Notes: Copyright 2006 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Published in Proceedings 6305 of Optics \& Photonics: Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging IV, San Diego, CA, 13-17 August 2006}, Author = {Charbon, Edoardo and Gunther, Neil J. and Boiko, Dmitri L. and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {CMOS; detector arrays; interferometer; phase twinning; quantum imaging; SPAD (single photon avalanche diode)}, Month = {August}, Number = {HPL-2006-117}, Title = {Design Rules for Quantum Imaging Devices: Experimental Progress Using CMOS Single Photon Detectors}, Type = {External}, Year = {2006}} @inproceedings{gbb85, Abstract = {We continue our previous program where we introduced a set of quantum-based design rules directed at quantum engineers who design single-photon quantum communications and quantum imaging devices. Here, we report on experimental progress using SPAD (single photon avalanche diode) arrays of our design and fabricated in CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology. Emerging high-resolution imaging techniques based on SPAD arrays have proven useful in a variety of disciplines including bio-fluorescence microscopy and 3D vision systems. They have also been particularly successful for intra-chip optical communications implemented entirely in CMOS technology. More importantly for our purposes, a very low dark count allows SPADs to detect rare photon events with a high dynamic range and high signal-to-noise ratio. Our CMOS SPADs support multi-channel detection of photon arrivals with picosecond accuracy, several million times per second, due to a very short detection cycle. The tiny chip area means they are suitable for highly miniaturized quantum imaging devices and that is how we employ them in this paper. Our quantum path integral analysis of the Young-Afshar-Wheeler interferometer showed that Bohr's complementarity principle was not violated due the previously overlooked effect of photon bifurcation within the lens--a phenomenon consistent with our quantum design rules--which accounts for the loss of which-path information in the presence of interference. In this paper, we report on our progress toward the construction of quantitative design rules as well as some proposed tests for quantum imaging devices using entangled photon sources with our SPAD imager.}, Address = {San Diego (California, USA)}, Author = {Charbon, Edoardo and Gunther, Neil J. and Boiko, Dmitri L. and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging IV}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:20:25 -0700}, Editor = {Ronald E. Meyers and Yanhua Shih and Keith S. Deacon}, Keywords = {CMOS; detector arrays; interferometer; phase twinning; quantum imaging; SPAD (single photon avalanche diode)}, Month = {August}, Pages = {63050M}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Title = {Design rules for quantum imaging devices: experimental progress using CMOS single-photon detectors}, Volume = {6305}, Year = {2006}} @misc{gbb94, Abstract = {A multi-component icon and system and method of generating thereof. The multi-component icon is generated from characteristics of a data object or data objects where the characteristics include data object content and data object metadata. The multi-component icon includes a plurality of visual traits. Each visual trait has a plurality of variations, such as different shapes, colors, and/or patterns. The visual traits are variably assignable to any one characteristic of the data object such that each variation of the characteristic is visually represented by the icon by a corresponding variation of the variably assignable visual trait. Multi-component icons are generated for groups of data objects, such as word processing files, by determining common characteristics between the files, assigning visual traits to the common characteristics, and then displaying the multi- component icons according to the assignments such that variations of the common characteristic between the files are symbolically show by variations of the assigned visual trait. Icon visual traits are interactive so as to indicate relationships between data object characteristics by `dragging' one icon over another.}, Author = {Budrys, Audrius J. and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:26:40 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 7,086,011}, Isbn = {7,086,011}, Month = {August}, Number = {09/916939}, Publisher = {Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.}, Title = {Multi-component iconic representation of file characteristics}, Year = {2006}} @techreport{gbb80, Abstract = {One of the issues in Web page design is the selection of appropriate combinations of background and foreground colors to display textual information. Colors have to be selected in order to guarantee legibility for different devices, viewing conditions and, more important, for all the users, including those with deficient color vision. In this paper we present a tool to select background and foreground colors for the display of textual information. The tool is based on the Munsell Book of Colors; it allows the browsing of the atlas and indicates plausible colors based on a set of legibility rules, which have been defined experimentally.}, Author = {Zuffi, Silvia and Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Brambilla, Carla}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {readability; color; Web design; automatic layout}, Month = {July}, Number = {HPL-2005-216}, Title = {A color selection tool for the readability of textual information on Web pages}, Type = {External}, Year = {2005}} @misc{gbb95, Abstract = {Cover authoring systems and methods for automatically composing a final content layout for a cover, including spinal content formatted to accommodate the width and height dimensions of the book spine, are described. By automatically computing the typeface parameter values based upon the selected visual fit model, this cover authoring scheme enables users to avoid the time consuming, laborious and expensive process of manually composing the final cover content layout with a conventional graphics program.}, Author = {Saw, Chit Wei and Chao, Hui and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:24:03 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 6,910,843}, Isbn = {6,910,843}, Month = {June}, Number = {09/991951}, Publisher = {Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.}, Title = {Cover authoring systems and methods and bookbinding systems incorporating the same}, Year = {2005}} @techreport{gbb78, Abstract = {Recent advances in quantum communications and imaging (QCI) technologies have led to a burgeoning market for commercial applications. These new market forces place an emphasis on engineering design rather than fundamental science. To guarantee correct device design, the quantum engineer needs to be removed from the minutia of the science. This can be accomplished through a set of abstract design rules analogous to those already employed in the VLSI chip industry. This paper is the first to propose such quantum design rules for the analysis of QCI devices, in general, and quantum imaging devices comprised of lens-based optics, in particular. We anticipate that these quantum design rules will also lead to significant cost reductions in the commercial production of quantum devices.}, Author = {Gunther, Neil J and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {bifurcation; interferometer; quantum path integral; quantum imaging}, Month = {July}, Note = {Copyright 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. To be published in and presented at the Proceedings 5893 of Optics and Photonics: Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging III, July 31- August 4, 2005, San Diego, CA}, Number = {HPL-2005-129}, Title = {Towards Practical Design Rules for Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging Devices}, Type = {External}, Year = {2005}} @inproceedings{gbb79, Abstract = {A common syndrome in much of the current quantum optics and quantum computing literature is the casual switching between classical concepts (e.g., geometric rays, electromagnetic waves) and quantum concepts (e.g., state vectors, projection operators). Such ambiguous language can confuse designers not well versed in the deeper subtleties of quantum mechanics, or worse, it can lead to a flawed analysis of new designs for quantum devices. To validate that a quantum device can be constructed with the expected characteristics and that its quantum effects are correctly interpreted, a set of unambiguous design rules would be useful. In this paper we enumerate such a set of easily applied quantum rules in the hope that they might facilitate clearer communication between researchers and system developers in the field. In part, we are motivated by recently reported interferometer results that have not only led to flawed claims about disproving fundamental quantum principles, but have elicited equally flawed counter aruments from supposedly knowledgeable respondents. After one hundred years of testing Einstein's photon, it is alarming that such widespread confusion still persists. Our proposed quantum design rules are presented in a practical diagrammatic style, demonstrating their effectiveness by analyzing several interferometers that have appeared in the recent literature. Application to other quantum devices e.g., quantum ghost imaging, are also discussed. We stress that these rules are entirely quantum in prescription, being particularly appropriate for single-photon devices. Classical optics concepts e.g., refractive index, are not required since they are subsumed by our quantum rules.}, Address = {San Diego (California, USA)}, Author = {Gunther, Neil J. and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging III}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:18:32 -0700}, Editor = {Ronald E. Meyers and Yanhua Shih}, Keywords = {bifurcation interferometer quantum path integral quantum imaging}, Month = {July}, Pages = {58930W}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Title = {Towards practical design rules for quantum communications and quantum imaging devices}, Volume = {5893}, Year = {2005}} @inproceedings{gbb77, Address = {Granada (Andalusia, Spain)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {The 10th Congress of the International Colour Association}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:05:38 -0700}, Isbn = {84-609-5164-2}, Month = {May}, Pages = {1231-1234}, Title = {Pre-flighting variable data print jobs using the Coloroid System}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2005}} @inproceedings{gbb76, Abstract = {The Internet in combination with digital presses has allowed the geographical distribution of manufacturing printed materials. An increasing number of printed pieces is customized for the recipient; when each printed piece is different, conventional proofing fails, because it is impossible to proof the entire print job. One frequent problem in automatically generated pieces is the readability of one page element on top of another element; the color combination can be unreadable or clash. I propose simple algorithms to automatically detect and correct color discriminability problems in variable data printing.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Internet Imaging VI}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:25:15 -0700}, Editor = {Simone Santini and Raimondo Schettini and Theo Gevers}, Month = {January}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {175-182}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Color Aspects of Variable Data Proofing}, Volume = {5670}, Year = {2005}} @techreport{gbb75, Abstract = {The Internet in combination with digital presses has allowed the geographical distribution of manufacturing printed materials. An increasing number of printed pieces is customized for the recipient; when each printed piece is different, conventional proofing fails, because it is impossible to proof the entire print job. One frequent problem in automatically generated pieces is the readability of one page element on top of another element; the color combination can be unreadable or clash. I propose simple algorithms to automatically detect and correct color discriminability problems in variable data printing.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {variable data printing, custom printing, pre-flight checking, color perception}, Month = {December}, Number = {HPL-2004-236}, Title = {Color Aspects of Variable Data Proofing}, Type = {External}, Year = {2004}} @book{gbb74, Abstract = {Internet Imaging differs from other forms of electronic imaging in that it employs an internet (network of networks) as a transmission vehicle. However, the internet is only one component (albeit a major one) in the total imaging system. The total system comprises client applications internetworked with server applications, as well as off-line authoring tools. The internet is an evolving communication system. Its functionality, reliability, scaling properties, and performance limits are largely unknown. The transmission of images over the internet pushes on its engineering envelope more than most applications. Consequently, the issues we are interested in exploring pertain to all aspects of the total system; not just images or imaging algorithms. This emphasis on systems is what sets Internet Imaging apart from other electronic imaging fields. For a local imaging application, even when it is split between a client and a server linked by an Ethernet, a system can be designed by stringing algorithms in a pipeline. If performance is an issue, it is easy to identify the weak link and replace it with a better performing component. On the internet, the servers are unknown, the clients are unknown, and the network is unknown. The system is not easily predictable and the result is that the most common problem today is scalability. To be successful one has to follow a top-down design strategy, where the first step is a detailed analysis of the problems to be solved. When a solution is invented, algorithms are selected to produce a balanced system, instead of choosing algorithms of best absolute performance as is done in bottom-up approaches. The paper on the Visible Human by Figuiredo and Hersch is a good example illustrating these fundamentals. Today, storing a 49G byte 3-dimensional volume is not hard, and a RAID disk array can deliver fast access times. However, storage space and seek time are not the limiting factors for the extraction of ruled surfaces from large 3-dimensional medical images. The problem is one of load balancing, which requires detailed performance measurements for scalability. Eventually, a specialized parallel file striping system must be designed and optimized. Implementing and maintaining a system that must grow as more data becomes available and as surgeons require new staging techniques for tumors, is practical only in a centralized solution served on the internet. After e-mail, the most popular application on the internet is the world wide web, which is a hypertext system and as such is useful only when it can easily be navigated through a visual interface [1], and search results are presented in a context [2], as this is illustrated for example by the KartOO search engine. Navigation requires structure [3], and although techniques such as ontologies have been known for years, the particularities for decoupling and splicing ontologies are not yet sufficiently understood [4]. In a recent paper, the J{\"o}rgensens have described the challenges of developing an image indexing vocabulary [5], and yet we know that taxonomies are not sufficiently powerful for efficiently finding related information through navigation [6]. Progress in bio-informatics has given us new computational tools that will allow the development of new collaborative structuring methodologies based on ontologies. Another example of how wrong things can go when the fundamentals of Internet Imaging are not understood are content based image retrieval (CBIR) systems. Today they are part of all the major search engines on the internet, and anyone who has tried to use them for real work has experienced how useless they are. Although over the years a number of CBIR algorithms has been proposed, none has stood out as being particularly robust, despite the fact that each claims to perform best on some benchmark. Unfortunately there is no universally accepted benchmark for CBIR and the lack of a metric is probably one of the main causes for the poor quality of today's algorithms -- without a performance metric is it impossible to diagnose the shortcomings of a particular algorithm and identify the critical control points [7]. An international effort is underway to create a benchmark for CBIR [8], similar to what was done in the past in the TREC effort for text retrieval. This requires an extensive collaboration to annotate a sufficiently large image corpus, which establishes the ground truth against which performance can be measured. A tool has recently been developed for this purpose [9]. One particularly nasty problem on the internet is that a preponderance of the available images is not normalized towards a standard rendering intent, as this is done in conventional stock image collections. In fact, the subtleties of the various references for color encoding in the stages of a distributed workflow are only recently being described and standardized [10]. A correct output-referred color encoding cannot be determined manually in the case of a large image corpus, as it is typically encountered in Internet Imaging. Contrary to silver halide photography, where contemporary films can largely compensate for illuminantion deviating from the intended illuminant, this is not the case in digital photography. This problem has led to the proposal of a number of automatic white balancing algorithms to compensate for these discrepancies by estimating the illuminant and applying a color appearance transformation. To benchmark these algorithms it is necessary to develop a ground truth for combinations of illuminations and assumed illuminants. Tominaga's paper on a `Natural Image Database and Its Use for Scene Illumninant Estimation' describes how such a database is created and how it is used in practice. Digitalization, compression, and archival of visual information has become popular, inexpensive and straightforward. Yet, the retrieval of these information on the world wide web -- being highly distributed and minimally indexed -- is far from being effective and efficient. A hot research topic is the definition of feasible strategies to minimize the semantic gap between the low-level features that can be automatically extracted from the visual contents of an image and the human interpretation of such contents. Two different approaches to this problem are described in the last two papers. Lienhart and Hartmann present novel and effective algorithms for classifying images on the web. This type of algorithms will be a key element in the next generation of search engines, which will have to classify the web page media contents automatically. Experiments and results are reported and discussed about distinguishing photo-like images from graphical images, actual photos from only photo-like, but artificial images and presentation slides/scientific posters from comics. The paper `Multimodal Search in Collections of Images and Text' by Santini introduces the intriguing issue of how to infer meaning of an image from both its pictorial content and its context. The author describes a data model and a query algebra for databases of images immersed in the world wide web. The author's model provides a semantic structure that, taking into account the connection with the text and pages containing them, enriches the information that can be recovered from the images themselves. References F.J. Verbeek et al., `Visualization of complex data sets over Internet: 2D and 3D visualization of the 3D digital atlas of zebra fish development,' SPIE Vol. 4672 , pp. 20-29, January 2002, San Jos{\'e} G. Ciocca et al., `A multimedia search engine with relevance feedback,' SPIE Vol. 4672 , pp. 243-251, January 2002, San Jos{\'e} G. Beretta, `WWW+ Structure = Knowledge,' Technical Report HPL-96-99 , HP Laboratories, Palo Alto, June 1996, http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/96/HPL-96-99.html J. Tillinghast et al., `Structure and Navigation for Electronic Publishing,' SPIE Vol. 3300 , pp. 38-45, January 1998, San Jos{\'e} C. J{\"o}rgensen et al., `Testing a vocabulary for image indexing and ground truthing,', SPIE Vol. 4672 , pp. 207-215, January 2002, San Jos{\'e} D.J. Watts et al., `Identity and Search in Social Networks,' Science , Vol. 296, pp.1302-1305, May 2002 N.J. Gunther et al., `A Benchmark for Image Retrieval using Distributed Systems over the Internet: BIRDS-I,' SPIE Vol. 4311 , pp. 252-267, January 2001, San Jos{\'e} http://www.benchathlon.net/ T. Pfund et al., `A Dynamic Multimedia Annotation Tool,' SPIE Vol. 4672 , pp. 216-224, January 2002, San Jos{\'e} S. S{\"u}sstrunk, `Color Encodings for Image Databases,' SPIE Vol. 4672 , pp. 174-180, January 2002, San Jos{\'e}}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:40:20 -0700}, Editor = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Schettini, Raimondo}, Publisher = {SPIE and IS\&T}, Series = {Journal of Electronic Imaging}, Title = {Special Section on Internet Imaging}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2002}} @book{gbb72, Abstract = {Historical context The papers on this CD-ROM span a decade of research in color reproduction. It has been a turbulent decade. The cold war had come to an end a few years earlier and the mission to `out-brain' the scientists on the other side of the iron curtain became obsolete. The dwindling funding for research brought with it a demise of industrial research labs and the refocusing of academics to more applied research that can attract funding from industry. There has also been a shift to research areas where funding is still available plentiful, such as molecular biology, genomics, and bio-informatics. In industrial nations, the baby-boom bulge came closer to retirement age and -- now that life expectancy became years longer than the legal retirement age -- people became concerned about life quality in retirement. This resulted in a surge of savings in search of good returns. Concomitantly a change of course has occurred in corporate ethics and governance. While previously entrepreneurs were driven to a large extent by the desire to build businesses around new technologies or services in which they had expertise, in the past decade MBA programs in universities hatched an new breed of industry captains who were successful when they were skilled at harnessing the capital available in the savings sector and attracting investors. The telecommunications sector was one where this new trend was prominent. When new companies can develop their business by attracting investors instead of laboriously creating new inventions in-house, established research organizations suffer because it is more economical to buy new technologies from graduating students. A strategy of mergers and acquisitions reduced risks and shortened the time span in which a new technology impacts positively the quarterly results. While research as a whole has suffered a setback in the decade spanned in this CD-ROM, development has been very prolific, resulting in a plethora of labor-saving devices. As Marshall McLuhan noted in `Understanding Media -- The Extensions of Man,' instead of saving work, labor-saving devices permit everybody to do their own work. In color reproduction, this has meant that professional authors have become able to do their own pre-press work, and the pre-press industry has essentially disappeared. The large increase in storage space and processor performance for a given cost, made it not only possible to perform pre-press functions on ordinary desktop computers, but also to invent new publishing paradigms that were not possible with traditional electronic pre-press equipment. The shift from R&D to customization and branding in the computer industry has resulted in the commoditization of desktop computers, at first through OEM (original equipment manufacturing), then through ODM (original design and manufacturing). Today, the most popular computer brand is `Other.' This trend was not followed to such an extent in color reproduction technology, where invention has continued unabated in the decade covered in this CD-ROM, allowing these editors to compile an extraordinary number of papers that have been instrumental, among others, for getting color printers from usable office machines to fine photo-imaging appliances, and for the invention of digital photography. One last historical note is necessary to appreciate the developments that tie the papers in the collection on this CD-ROM. During the 1960s the generation of baby-boomers was imbibed with a culture of dialectic and the study of many point of views from which each individual would form his or her personal opinion. This culture and the necessity to digest a large amount of detailed information has fostered an information industry that has spun the gamut from the Encyclopaedia Britannica to hypertext through The Pentagon Papers, the MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour and Photo Retouching & Restoration For Dummies. This contrasts the generation now entering the workforce, which has learned to play video games before reading (you learn to master video games by trial and error, not by reading manuals), has learned that information is found by searching on the World Wide Web, and that buddies can be contacted instantaneously via instant messaging or mobile phone. Instead of asking `did you consider their point of view?' interlocutors now demand `give me the 4-1-1.' Information must be concise, up-to-date, and through multiple rich media channels. Progress in Color Imaging Science and Technology Research activity usually follows a pattern where an area suddenly becomes hot, often due a charismatic promoter or a concomitant historical event that can spark a new meme. Droves of researchers participate in the new area and a plethora of publications appears in journals and conferences. With this large collaborative effort the area then usually reaches a bifurcation point, when all the low hanging fruits have been harvested and two new collective efforts take over. The first one consists of a small number of researchers that attacks the very hard problems remaining after the easy ones have been solved. The second one consists of an army of developers who create commercial applications of the new technology. In our conferences we have tried to identify new potentially hot areas and give them a forum. The early papers on this CD-ROM are to a large extent on color hardcopy technologies, with relatively few color and image processing papers. As research in color printer technologies reached the bifurcation point, we re-focused our conferences on software and science, redirecting hardware papers towards either the more specialized conferences or towards a more applied conference when they were more application oriented. This did not prevent us from missing one important topic -- color appearance modeling, on which this collection contains only a few papers. At the time, we thought that having past the bifurcation point, the proposed models were sufficiently sophisticated that research on the models belonged on more specialistic conferences, while the applications were too straightforward for the Electronic Imaging Symposium. In retrospect, we were wrong in this assessment and color appearance models are today an active area of research and the practical applications are not obvious. A trend we did not miss was the Internet tsunami. Although there are numerous papers on this topic, most progress was actually done in the panel discussions, which unfortunately were not recorded (conference proceedings are never a substitute for personal attendance). In essence, over the years these editors and the panelists concluded that printing and publishing can be broken into four eras: manual, mechanical, electronic, and digital. We took it as one of our duties to nourish the revolution from electronic to digital publishing. Manual printing refers to a process in which each step a single copy of the publication is reproduced, and for an additional copy the same process must be repeated in its entirety. An example are the scribes of ancient times. Mechanical printing refers to the preparation of a master or matrix from which multiple copies can be printed and distributed. A first step was the carving of a page in a wood block, which can be repeatedly inked and used to print multiple copies, such as in 868 for the Chinese `Diamond Sutra.' A second step was the 1454 invention of movable type and the mass-production of type. From then on the emphasis was on improving workflows. Electronic printing and publishing refers to the substitution of mechanical steps with electronic means to increase the efficiency of workflows, which themselves remain unaltered. Note that printing refers to the process of fabricating a publication, while publishing -- invented 1500 -- encompasses the editorial process to decide what to publish, print planning, as well as marketing and distribution of the publication. When the distribution is electronic, the ``printed'' artifact can be a CD-ROM, a file transmitted over TCP/IP, an e-mail message, or a posting on the World Wide Web, so we prefer to switch from using `printing' to using `publishing,' because research in color can no longer focus on the printing process but must also take into account the other publishing aspects. An example are the issues of color reproduction across media. Digital publishing refers to the complex process of acquiring and maintaining a corpus of information consisting of document chunks. This corpus is in a raw `unrendered' state. When a need for information arises, a story is woven from the chunks and printed or `rendered' on the fly in the most appropriate medium. As we have seen earlier, this is not only made possible by new technology, but also demanded by today's new adults. The concomitant requirement of instant concise information, the popularization of Xerox PARC's Bravo through Microsoft's ever-evolving Word, and the revolution from expensive clunky typewriters to inexpensive photographic quality ink jet printers, have brought about the relegation into obsolescence of the whole pre-press industry, in a time shorter than the big bang and without a whimper, by allowing everybody to do their own copy. Today we have blogs and digital publishers have the opportunity to harvest and distill valuable content from this amalgam of undigested brain dumps. In the collection on this CD-ROM you can find a continuous stream of papers informing on standards. During this decade the industry has transitioned from the concept of locking in customers while locking out competitors -- which required proprietary technology and research laboratories to invent it -- to commoditisation, which requires standardization and interchangeable suppliers to allow competition in speed to market and price. Similar to standards, gamut mapping is a topic that has remained a favorite over the decade spanned in this collection. In his seminal 1943 JOSA paper, R.M. Evans introduced the consistency principle stating that what is important is the relation among the colors in a reproduced image, not their absolute colorimetry. The first gamut mapping paper in this collection builds on the consistency principle and the latest papers describe the use of Retinex for gamut mapping. Yet a general solution still is elusive. The increasing computer power available on desktop computers, paired with progress in sensor technology, has allowed to evolve image acquisition from device counts through CIE colorimetry and principal components analysis based multiband sensors to end up with spectral color reproduction at the end of the decade. Today the main applications are in art conservation and forensic imaging, with general applications still awaiting a killer application. Especially for art conservation applications, the next step has been the incorporation of geometric appearance, which is particularly important for the study of oil paintings. Other applications are the imaging of archeological artifacts like tablets and coins. The collection of papers on this CD-ROM concludes with the contributions to the mini-symposium on Retinex at 40. This technique has been very controversial, because there is not yet a psycho-physiological basis, the algorithm tends to fail catastrophically, and it was not well known how to implement it. Today only the last issue has been solved, and it has taken most of the decade. Digital photography with its dynamic bandwidth problems has been a strong motivator for unabated research on Retinex and today a number of Retinex-like algorithms is part of commercial solutions, forming the basis for heuristic automatic image enhancement. Last but not least, we have papers on digital photography. At the onset of the decade digital cameras used video sensors and recorded a video signal, limiting their application to claims adjusters and similar fields where image quality was not important. The workflow for all other digital imaging started with a traditional AgX image that would get scanned onto a PhotoCD disk and then processed digitally from there on. About half-way in this collection the first true digital cameras became available, but their image quality was still well inferior to AgX. The hard research problem was to follow the path of early AgX technology from mosaics to layers, thus avoiding the image reconstruction problem, a path you can trace in this collection. We have mentioned only a few of the threads you can weave in this CD-ROM. An example of an area not mentioned is halftoning, where the papers are of high quality and progress has continued at a steady pace. Outlook The future of color printing We already dwelled on the progressive decrease of papers on printers during this decade. Today printers -- especially printer consumables -- are still a very profitable business. However, the writing is on the wall -- printing is gradually fading away and going the way of pre-press. Part of this is generational, as elucidated above, and people no longer need printed reference material. The other part is that commercial printing is manufacturing. The manufacturing of printers and computers has moved to the low wage regions of the world, and the printing business is following. The artwork can easily be transmitted to the print plant over the available Internet, and efficient logistics companies can get the printed artifact to the point of use quickly and inexpensively. One form of printing that will survive is the personal printing that is performed to take advantage of the convenience of paper as a portable medium. The future of color displays CRTs are slowly disappearing, ending an era of 60 cd/m2 devices that require careful calibration and well controlled dim viewing conditions for critical color work. At this writing, LCD displays achieve a brightness of 300 cd/m2 and we can expect it to grow probably to about 500 cd/m2. The next displays on the horizon are based on OLEDs, which will have twice the brightness. Finally, the following technology available today is based on iridescence obtained with MEMS, where the display brightness increases with the ambient illuminance, and resolution reaches 1,000 dpi. As mentioned in Evans' paper cited above, with increasing brightness the appearance mode of the human visual system switches to film mode and the color constancy mechanisms take care of color fidelity, as long as color consistency is preserved. Understanding Retinex is becoming more important, as is research in phenomena like the perception of transparency. The importance of trust, privacy, and digital rights management There is a large amount of dark fiber all over the world that awaits to be lit. Digital Cinema is around the corner and the media conglomerates cannot wait for video on demand to become viable. The hardware and software companies are ready to provide the rendering devices, the imaging software, and the services to build and maintain these networked systems. Digital images like to be copied, and their transfer likes to be tracked. The ensuing issues of digital rights management (who gets paid for what, who can decrypt an image) and privacy (what personal data can the sender collect on the receiver) are still largely unsolved. ISO's MPEG-21 is an effort to build a framework addressing these issues. The digitalization of imaging does not necessarily lead to a world dominated by a few large conglomerates owning all contents and enslaving image consumers in feudal servitude. In fact, digital imaging allows any talented cinematographer to build a professional movie production studio for a few thousand dollars. The same distribution channels are available as for the conglomerates. The role of conferences While conglomerates strive to become virtual corporations with few permanent employees, digital imaging allows everybody to become an independent imaging professional and make a good living in a world of peers. The key is to spread the knowledge and create an educated society. Despite the Internet, knowledge is still transferred most efficiently face to face, so while this CD-ROM you are holding in your hands allows you to leverage on past research, to become successful in the future there is no way around attending SPIE conferences on color imaging and network with other scientists.}, Editor = {Bares, Jan and Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Eschbach, Reiner and Marcu, Gabriel}, Note = {523 papers}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {Selected SPIE Papers on CD-ROM}, Title = {Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hard Copy, and Graphic Arts}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2002}} @proceedings{gbb73, Abstract = {Internet imaging differs from other forms of electronic imaging in that it employs an internet (network of networks) as a transmission vehicle. However, the internet is only one component (albeit a major one) in the total imaging system. The total system comprises client applications internetworked with server applications, as well as off-line authoring tools. The internet is an evolving communication system. Its functionality, reliability, scaling properties, and performance limits are largely unknown. The transmission of images over the internet pushes on its engineering envelope more than most applications. Consequently, the issues we are interested in exploring pertain to all aspects of the total system; not just images or imaging algorithms. This emphasis on systems is what sets the Internet Imaging conference apart from other electronic imaging conferences. For a local imaging application, even when it is split between a client and a server linked by an ethernet, a system can be designed by stringing algorithms in a pipeline. If performance is an issue, it is easy to identify the weak link and replace it with a better performing component. On the Internet, the servers are unknown, the clients are unknown, and the network is unknown. The system is not easily predictable and the result is that the most common problem today is scalability. To be successful one has to follow a top-down design strategy, where the first step is a detailed analysis of the problems to be solved. When a solution is invented, algorithms are selected to produce a balanced system, instead of choosing algorithms of best absolute performance as is done in bottom-up approaches. An example of how wrong things can go when these fundamentals are not understood are content based image retrieval (CBIR) systems. Today they are part of all the major search engines on the internet, and anyone who has tried to use them for real work has experienced how useless they are. Although over the years a number of CBIR algorithms has been proposed, none has stood out as being particularly robust, despite the fact that each claims to perform best on some benchmark. Unfortunately there is no universally accepted benchmark for CBIR and the lack of a metric is probably one of the main causes for the poor quality of today's algorithms -- without a performance metric is it impossible to diagnose the shortcomings of a particular algorithm. During 2001 a team of researchers from the University of Buffalo in the USA and the University of Geneva in Switzerland has collaborated on basic research towards the specification of a universal benchmark for CBIR, known as Benchathlon. The researchers in Buffalo, whose work is described in paper 4672-24, `Testing a vocabulary for image indexing and ground truthing' elaborates on the issues in defining a vocabulary for indexing images, which allows to establish when images are similar. The researchers in Geneva, whose work is described in paper 4672-25, `Dynamic multimedia annotation tool' present a tool that uses the above vocabulary to allow people to collectively categorize the images in a database. The authors then describe how the resulting ground-truth is used to drive a CBIR benchmark. Much research still remains to be performed to achieve the goals set in the Benchathlon effort (see http://www.benchathlon.net/ ). This is an opportunity for collaborating with the best researchers in the field and make important contributions. For example, many of today's CBIR algorithms tend to rely on bottom-up models for the human visual system (HVS). During the 2001 work on the Benchathlon it became quickly evident that only top-down vision models can correlate with the user's expectations, because the HVS matches images in a top-down process, even at the most rudimentary levels (see A. Pascual-Leone and V. Walsh, `Fast Backprojections from the Motion to the Primary Visual Area Necessary for Visual Awareness,' Science Vol. 292, 510-512, 20 April 2001). The fallacy of popular metrics like color histograms is clear when one compares the images from a stock photo agency to those generally found on the Internet. While the former have been carefully rendered to a normalized intent, the latter are most often the raw output from digital cameras or scanners. A first step is to clearly specify for each image whether it is rendered for a particular output medium or unrendered. A family of large-gamut rendered/unrendered color encoding specifications has recently been proposed under the designation RIMM/ROMM RGB and the paper ``Color encodings for image databases'' in the session on Valorizing Images is a clear presentation of these issues. A second step is to develop bottom-up algorithms that can perform a canonical rendering operation, a process variously referred to as automatic enhancement or intelligent enhancement. At last year's Internet Imaging II conference R. Eschbach and D. Pfeiffer had each presented the state of the art in this field. This year we give special consideration to fundamental research necessary to invent algorithms for estimating the rendering intent of images. First in his invited paper 4672-01, `Natural Image Database and illuminant classification research,' Prof. Tominaga shows how to build a reference database. Second, in a joint session with the Human Vision and Color Imaging conferences we review the progress in Retinex since its inception 40 years ago. In this session the top researchers in the field reveal the current understanding of Retinex and how it is applied to electronic imaging. Retinex is important because it allows to process pixels in their spatial context, thus providing a basis for developing more sophisticated bottom-up algorithms. The other sessions in the conference are devoted to subjects in which more progress has been made and the results are less controversial, albeit still important. To underline the emphasis on systems, the first session is dedicated to systems and architecture, but eventually internet imaging is for real people and the second session is on human-computer interaction. Today's network bandwidth and computer graphics accelerators is enabling a trend towards more use of animation and video in internet imaging. The latest results are presented in session 3. As mentioned earlier, there is a need for top-down methods, and a first step is to find suitable image representations, the topic for session 4 Monday afternoon before the poster session. The next step is feature extraction, the topic for session 6. Today in evaluating research the question is no longer how hard was it and how many other scientists have built on it. Today one of the first questions is what new business models it enables. Consequently, valorizing images is an important topic for success in research and session 5 presents papers with very interesting perspectives. Session 7 is on performance analysis and benchmarking. The conference concludes with the mini-symposium on Retinex at 40. We hope our conference and the EI receptions give you the opportunity to renew old friendships and network with new contacts, leading to new breakthroughs in your research. We look forward to learn about your progress in a paper submitted to Internet Imaging IV in 2003.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Booktitle = {IS\&T/ SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:31:22 -0700}, Editor = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Schettini, Raimondo}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {SPIE Proceedings Series}, Title = {Internet Imaging III}, Volume = {4672}, Year = {2002}} @inproceedings{gbb69, Abstract = {Comparing the performance of CBIR (Content-Based Image Retrieval) algorithms is difficult. Private data sets are used so it is controversial to compare CBIR algorithms developed by different researchers. Also, the performance of CBIR algorithms is usually measured on an isolated, well- tuned PC or workstation. In a real-world environment, however, the CBIR algorithms would only constitute a minor component among the many interacting components needed to facilitate a useful CBIR application e.g., Web-based applications on the Internet. The Internet, being a shared medium, dramatically changes many of the usual assumptions about measuring CBIR performance. Any CBIR benchmark should be designed form a networked systems standpoint. Networked system benchmarks have been developed for other applications e.g., text retrieval, and relational database management. These benchmarks typically introduce communication overhead because the real systems they model are distributed applications e.g., and airline reservation system. The most common type of distributed computing architecture uses a client/server model. We present our implementation of a client/server CBIR benchmark called BIRDS-I (Benchmark for Image Retrieval using Distributed Systems over the Internet) to measure image retrieval performance over the Internet. The BIRDS-I benchmark has been designed with the trend toward the use of small personalized wireless-internet systems in mind. Web-based CBIR implies the use of heterogeneous image sets and this, in turn, imposes certain constraints on how the images are organized and the type of performance metrics that are applicable. Surprisingly, BIRDS-I only requires controlled human intervention for the compilation of the image collection and none for the generation of ground truth in the measurement of retrieval accuracy. Benchmark image collections need to be evolved incrementally toward the storage of millions of images and that scaleup can only be achieved through the use of computer-incrementally toward the storage of millions of images and that scaleup can only be achieved through the use of computer-aided compilation. Finally, the BIRDS-I scoring metric introduces a tightly optimized image-ranking window, which is important for the future benchmarking of large- scale personalized wireless-internet CBIR systems.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Gunther, Neil J. and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Internet Imaging II}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:25:10 -0700}, Editor = {Giordano B. Beretta and Raimondo Schettini}, Month = {January}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {252-267}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Benchmark for image retrieval using distributed systems over the Iinternet: BIRDS-I}, Volume = {4311}, Year = {2001}} @inproceedings{gbb68, Address = {Seattle (Washington, USA)}, Author = {Chao, Hui and Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Sang, Henry Jr.}, Booktitle = {Document Layout Interpretation and its Applications (DLIA2001)}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:58:48 -0700}, Month = {September}, Title = {PDF Study with Page Elements and Bounding Boxes}, Year = {2001}} @inproceedings{gbb71, Abstract = {We review three technological changes that will have an impact on color imaging on the Internet: bright LCD display replacing dim CRTs, compression based on foveation, and contents based image retrieval.}, Address = {Rochester (NY, USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Buckley, Robert R.}, Booktitle = {9th Congress of the International Colour Association}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:23:27 -0700}, Editor = {Robert Chung and Allan Rodrigues}, Month = {June}, Organization = {AIC}, Pages = {471-474}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Title = {Trends in color imaging on the Internet}, Volume = {4421}, Year = {2001}} @proceedings{gbb70, Abstract = {Welcome to the second Internet Imaging Conference at IS&T/SPIE's International Symposium on Electronic Imaging. In a time when IPOs lure Internet specialists to start-up companies and corporate research laboratories are no longer of strategic importance, why organize a conference related to an Internet technology? The old business strategy of locking in customers and locking out competitors -- requiring captive research labs -- has been replaced by a strategy based on mergers and acquisitions. In science and technology, this paradigm shift in business strategy is reflected in a shift from proprietary technologies to an open source model that can evolve much more rapidly. The Electronic Imaging Symposium is the stalwart of the new research paradigm. Rather than a stuffy restricted club, the symposium has been more of an uplifting bazaar, where the emphasis is on the rapid communication of new ideas. The conference chairs have been courageous visionaries, who have been willing to take the risk of encouraging unknown researchers with brilliant ideas, a task that is much harder than accepting papers based on the author's fame. In this new research paradigm, career is no longer an escalator where one moves up as long as one works hard. Today there are many different -- often intersecting -- paths up the hill to successful careers; therefore, it is essential to build networks of colleagues with similar interests. New breakthroughs have to be detected immediately and must be assimilated in a very short time. In this situation the Internet Imaging Conference fulfills two roles. The first role is to serve as a synchronization event for a community. Everybody hears the latest results and can contribute to that emergent property that is the state-of-the-art in imaging on the Internet. The second role is to interact with others in the community, to seek clarification at the source, to discover new opportunities for synergism, and to learn about the war stories that cannot find a way in scholarly publications. The symposium's conferences are organized in programs that group similar research areas; the system of synchronized presentations encourages you to hop from conference to conference, maximizing the likelihood of serendipity. Last but not least, the informal atmosphere is meant to encourage you to interact with the speakers; take advantage of discussion sessions, panel sessions, and receptions to network and build a strong community. Internet imaging differs from other forms of electronic imaging in that it employs an internet (network of networks) as a transmission vehicle. However, the Internet is only one component (albeit a major one) in the total imaging system. The total system comprises client applications internetworked with server applications, as well as off-line authoring tools. The Internet is an evolving communication system. Its functionality, reliability, scaling properties, and performance limits are largely unknown. The transmission of images over the Internet pushes on its engineering envelope more than most applications. Consequently, the issues we are interested in exploring pertain to all aspects of the total system; not just images or imaging algorithms. This emphasis on systems is what sets this conference apart from other electronic imaging conferences. For a local imaging application, even when it is split between a client and a server linked by an ethernet, a system can be designed by stringing algorithms in a pipeline. If performance is an issue, it is easy to identify the weak link and replace it with a better performing component. On the Internet, the servers are unknown, the clients are unknown, and the network is unknown. The system is not easily predictable and the result is that the most common problem today is scalability. To be successful one has to follow a top-down design strategy, where the first step is a detailed analysis of the problems to be solved. When a solution is invented, algorithms are selected to produce a balanced system, instead of choosing algorithms of best absolute performance as is done in bottom-up approaches. Appropriately, the conference opens with a plenary speaker on digital cinema and a session on systems and architecture. The second session is on visual organization. As detailed by Tuesday's plenary speaker, users are shedding wires very fast and adopting wireless technologies. Concomitantly, the next generation of adults was born using video games before learning to write; proficiency in video games is acquired by rapid trial and error, not by reading manuals. Game machines have higher computational power than desktop computers, and multimedia effects are highly integrated. Reference information is not looked up in encyclopedias, but searched on the Web. The next generation will expect to have a system with these performance characteristics. We are thus confronted with the dichotomy of huge amounts of visual material that must be browsed over a slow wireless communications channel. This requires understanding the principles of visual organization so that intelligent image processing algorithms can be designed. The third session, on video summarization, continues the conversation for image sequences. After a joint session on image retrieval, the conference continues with sessions on metadata, which allows to encode in a very compact form the semantic information about images, and on visualization, which follows the goals of compact data representation and computation in a fast client, rather than an overburdened server on a congested link. The World Wide Web is an Internet application that was invented to foster collaborative research. It has encouraged the creation of geographically distributed communities of practice, also known as extended knowledge networks (EKN). These EKNs have been essential for the rapid adoption of the Internet by individuals, businesses, and institutions. Because location is irrelevant and like in a village organization is low and participation is high, Marshall McLuhan coined the term of global village. Two sessions are dedicated to these global village aspects of Internet imaging. The first covers telepresence and collaborative design, while the second is devoted more specifically to the rapidly evolving field of telemedicine. After a joint session on video retrieval, the conference concludes with a session on algorithmic issues in Internet imaging. At the first Internet Imaging conference in 2000, Theo Gevers suggested the creation of an event where the performance of image retrieval algorithms over the Internet can be benchmarked. The motivation was that although this is an algorithm class of high commercial importance, there is currently no benchmark available to compare the various proposed algorithms. Despite the cheering enthusiasm in the crowd, we have been less successful than expected in building an EKN willing to implement it. The event is called Benchathlon and Thursday evening there will be a paper describing the event as well as a proposal for a benchmark, called BIRDS-I for Benchmark for Image Retrieval using Distributed Systems over the Internet. We have a server for an image database and Perl scripts for benchmarking; we are seeking researchers interested in playing an active role as part of an EKN. This conference is for you and with you. Please network with the speakers and the other participants, and interact with us. Tell us how we can improve the conference and make it more worthwhile. We hope we are providing a stimulating experience that will lead to a paper of yours in the 2002 conference.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Booktitle = {IS\&T/ SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, 24-26 January 2001}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:31:31 -0700}, Editor = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Schettini, Raimondo}, Series = {SPIE Proceedings Series}, Title = {Internet Imaging II}, Volume = {4311}, Year = {2001}} @techreport{gbb66, Abstract = {The performance of CBIR algorithms is usually measured on an isolated workstation. In a real-world environment the algorithms would only constitute a minor component among the many interacting components. The Internet dramatically changes many of the usual assumptions about measuring CBIR performance. Any CBIR benchmark should be designed from a networked systems standpoint. These benchmarks typically introduce communication overhead because the real systems they model are distributed applications. We present our implementation of a client/server benchmark called BIRDS-I to measure image retrieval performance over the Internet. It has been designed with the trend toward the use of small personalized wireless systems in mind. Web-based CBIR implies the use of heterogeneous image sets, imposing certain constraints on how the images are organized and the type of performance metrics applicable. BIRDS-I only requires controlled human intervention for the compilation of the image collection and none for the generation of ground truth in the measurement of retrieval accuracy. Benchmark image collections need to be evolved incrementally toward the storage of millions of images and that scaleup can only be achieved through the use of computer-aided compilation. Finally, our scoring metric introduces a tightly optimized image-ranking window.}, Author = {Gunther, Neil J and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {Content Based Image Retrieval; client/server; Internet; performance metrics; benchmarking; ground truth; ontology; taxonomy; distributed systems; response time}, Month = {December}, Number = {HPL-2000-162}, Title = {A Benchmark for Image Retrieval using Distributed Systems over the Internet: BIRDS-I}, Type = {External}, Year = {2000}} @article{gbb67, Abstract = {We explore the use of the Natural Color System for designing color schemes in exterior and interior design. The availability of paints in the US market to realize such a color scheme is researched. Finally, we examine the performance of paint matching systems for one particular paint.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Nonaka, Yoko}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:35:38 -0700}, Journal = {Atti della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi}, Keywords = {color selection Natural Color System paint matching design architecture}, Note = {Handout: , Slides: , Nipponia citation: .}, Number = {1}, Pages = {93-118}, Title = {House Painting with {NCS} in the {USA}}, Volume = {LV}, Year = {2000}} @misc{gbb65, Abstract = {A color printing system includes a central processing unit for generating color image data, a color monitor for displaying color image data generated by the central processing unit and a color temperature sensing device for sensing color temperature of viewing light in which color images displayed on the monitor and color images printed by the printer are viewed. A first light source has a light output intensity controllable by the central processing unit. The central processing unit is adapted to control the intensity of the first light source in accordance with the color temperature sensed by the sensing device so as to match the color temperature sensed by the sensing device to a potential color temperature. Additionally, a second light source may be provided. The second light source has a different color temperature than the first light source and the central processor can adjust the intensity of the first and second light source based on relative color temperatures. The central processing unit is adapted to adjust the color temperature of either or both intensity of the first and second light sources.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:26:12 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 6,078,732}, Isbn = {6,078,732}, Month = {July}, Publisher = {Canon Information Systems, Inc.}, Title = {Method and apparatus for adjusting correlated color temperature}, Year = {2000}} @proceedings{gbb64, Abstract = {Welcome to the first Internet Imaging Conference at IS&T/SPIE's International Symposium on Electronic Imaging. An old adage states that an image is worth a thousand words. This notion may explain why the Web as a communications medium for the masses is mainly an imaging medium. For us scientists and engineers, however, this notion brings new challenges. A screenfull of textual information requires 24 x 80 = 1920 bytes to store and transmit. The corresponding image is 640 x 480 pixels at a depth of 3 bytes, for a total of 921,600 bytes, an expansion by a factor of 480. What is easier for the human is harder for the machine. The motivation for this conference on Internet imaging is that as a consequence of the above observation we are seeing a shift in the focus of electronic imaging. While before the processing power's increase according to Moore's Law has fostered the development of image processing algorithms of ever increasing sophistication, the new focus is on image communication. This shift takes place at all processing interfaces: input/output, with multi-spectral sensors and flat panel displays motherboard, with new architectures for massive media processing systems, with new storage and retrieval techniques for multimedia databases networks, with new distribution and communication paradigms for the Internet In this conference we focus on the last item, more specifically on the Internet. Images do not only require more communications bandwidth; the shift from text to still and moving images creates a great demand of tools for browsing and querying visual information, without imposing any constraint on their nature, format or subject. As images are often mentally processed in visual terms alone, without any corresponding translation or recording into verbal labels or representations, papers in the first three sessions investigate image classification and content-based image indexing and retrieval. Most of these describe new image analysis solutions that correlate visual elements, such as color, texture, object shape, and spatial relationships with image semantic content. However, notwithstanding the substantial progress made, the integrated management of the different features remains complex and application dependent as retrieval is to be performed according to a similarity measure that should agree with the user's perception. We note several different incarnations of the notion of similarity. For browsing or searching images and video on the Internet, flexible interfaces and visualization tools are required; these topics are also addressed and it is expected that they will attract more attention in the future. A session on architecture and compression focusses on classical system issues, but the papers present some interesting new solutions that are made possible by the Internet. A particularly hard problem area is that of color reproduction, because the Internet is the opposite of a desktop publishing system. While the latter is used in a controlled environment and the goal is to achieve color fidelity, on the Internet there is very little or no control of device characteristics and viewing conditions. Besides being the new communications medium for the masses, the Internet is still an important tool for its inceptors, namely the scientists. The ability to collaboratively explore and manipulate visual data accelerates scientific progress and yields to new insights. Last but not least, the next generation of workers will be much more scientifically literate, because each pupil can now instantaneously access the same data as scientists, using the same research tools. For education, Internet imaging may have an impact of similar magnitude as Diderot's encyclopedia of the Enlightenment age. The challenge is to overcome this flattening of information by creating opportunities for vertical activities, i.e., to help people in K12 and beyond to not just accumulate information but to take action and make commitments, or -- to paraphrase Kierkegaard -- to create tools that allow them to evolve from the esthetical to the ethical sphere. The last session in this conference is dedicated to distribution issues. We have compared the leverage of the Web on the Internet to the leverage of Manutius and publishing on Gutenberg's moving type press. The dissemination of presses in the Venetian Republic had another less glamorous effect: the invention of business forms and modern accounting, which has revolutionized business transactions. The Internet will have a similar revolutionary impact on how business transactions are performed, and imaging plays a very important role in it. This conference is for you and with you. Please network with the speakers and the other participants, and interact with us. Tell us how we can improve the conference and make it more worthwhile. We hope we are providing a stimulating experience that will lead to a paper of yours in the 2001 conference.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Booktitle = {IS\&T/ SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, 26-28 January 2000}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:31:47 -0700}, Editor = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Schettini, Raimondo}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {SPIE Proceedings Series}, Title = {Internet Imaging I}, Volume = {3964}, Year = {2000}} @article{gbb61, Abstract = {We present a new technique for sharpening compressed images in the discrete-cosine-transform domain. For images compressed using the JPEG standard, image sharpening is achieved by suitably scaling each element of the encoding quantization table to enhance the high-frequency characteristics of the image. The modified version of the encoding table is then transmitted in lieu of the original. Experimental results with scanned images show improved text and image quality with no additional computation cost and without affecting compressibility.}, Author = {Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:35:07 -0700}, Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Image Processing}, Keywords = {compression enhancement printing quantization}, Number = {6}, Pages = {874-878}, Title = {Image sharpening in the {JPEG} domain}, Volume = {8}, Year = {1999}} @techreport{gbb84, Abstract = {We explore the use of the Natural Color System for designing color schemes in exterior and interior design. The availability of paints in the US market to realize such a color scheme is researched. Finally, we examine the performance of paint matching systems for one particular paint.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Nonaka, Yoko}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {color selection; Natural Color System; paint matching; design; architecture}, Month = {February}, Note = {(See journal paper for updated version)}, Number = {HPL-1999-79}, Title = {House Painting with NCS in the USA}, Type = {External}, Year = {1999}} @book{gbb62, Editor = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Eschbach, Reiner}, Series = {Journal of Electronic Imaging}, Title = {Special section on color imaging: Device-independent color, color hardcopy, and graphic arts}, Volume = {8}, Year = {1999}} @misc{gbb58, Abstract = {A method of compressing color source image data includes forming a quantization table with a `supra-threshold' term. This method includes a step of selecting a set of target images, where each target image includes one or more image elements such as text. These image elements are then analyzed to identify those that are more important for visual quality. These `supra-threshold' terms are then selected that gives a larger weight to the quantization table elements that correspond to important image elements and a smaller weight to the table elements that correspond to less important image elements. This process selectively weights the characteristics of each DCT basis vectors. By giving larger weights to the table elements that correspond to the `up-downness' of the image, i.e., the vertical attributes of the image elements, and the `left-rightness' of the image, i.e., the horizontal attributes of the image elements, and smaller weights to the table elements corresponding to the ``criss-crossedness'' of the image, i.e., the diagonal attributes of the image elements, the visual quality of an image that includes text can be preserved while significantly increasing the compression ratio.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Natarajan, Balas K}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:26:26 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,883,979}, Isbn = {5,883,979}, Month = {March}, Publisher = {Hewlett-Packard Company}, Title = {Method for selecting JPEG quantization tables for low bandwidth applications}, Year = {1999}} @techreport{gbb92, Abstract = {Like all instruments used for measuring physical quantities, spectrophotometers need to be calibrated and characterized periodically. In this paper we give an overview of simple procedures that require a low commitment from the metrologist, yet ensure some control over the data obtained from the measurements and allow the certification of the measurement's quality. We give some advice on handling the material and on how to take into consideration thermal effects such as thermochromism.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {calibration; certification; colorimetry; thermochromism}, Month = {April}, Number = {HPL-1999-55}, Title = {Low Commitment Spectrophotometer Care}, Type = {External}, Year = {1999}} @techreport{gbb59, Abstract = {This report describes a verification procedure for spectrophotometers used in process control based on trend analysis. This analysis is more valuable if the instrument's drift is tightly monitored, so it can be unequivocally established that any detected drift is in the process under observation and not in the instrument used for the measurements. The difference to practice in traditional color metrology is that instrument precision is much more important than accuracy. We recommend a much more frequent calibration certification that is usual for spectrophotometers used in color matching applications. To make this feasible the procedure must be very simple and quick to perform; our procedure fulfills this requirement.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {calibration; certification; characterization; qualification; colorimetry; spectrophotometry; metrology; ISO 9000; manufacturing; process control; thermochromism}, Month = {January}, Number = {HPL-1999-2}, Title = {Spectrophotometer Calibration and Certification}, Type = {External}, Year = {1999}} @techreport{gbb63, Abstract = {This booklet provides the step-by-step instructions on how to set up the graphic arts workstation in the Imaging Technology Department. It describes how to characterize the peripheral devices using ICC profiles, how to set up the operating systems, and how to configure the software applications.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {color management; color reproduction; device characterization; graphic arts; ICC profiles; pre- press}, Month = {October}, Number = {HPL-1999-110}, Title = {Step by step instructions to use ITD's GA workstation}, Type = {External}, Year = {1999}} @inproceedings{gbb54, Address = {Vancouver (B.C., Canada)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {68th ISCC Annual Meeting}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:57:02 -0700}, Month = {May}, Organization = {ISCC}, Title = {Low Commitment Spectrophotometer Care}, Year = {1999}} @misc{gbb56, Abstract = {In the present invention statistical methods are used to estimate the reflectance of the paper and align the tone gamut to the dynamic range of a digital input device such as a scanner during a single scan. The estimate is refined during the scan. This refinement increases the robustness with respect to unfavorable originals (e.g., originals with a dark border) and at the same time also can take into account such phenomena as the change of the response of the sensor due to thermal effect during slow scans. In the present invention no spatial information on the image is collected. Instead a histogram of the occurrence of each tone level is accumulated during the scan. The background color of the image, i.e., the tone value of the paper is estimated by analyzing the histogram. When this value is known, the parameters for a tone reproduction curve (TRC) can be calculated. The shape of the TRC is not altered by these parameters, i.e., the exposure can be controlled independently of the tone reproduction. This process is repeated from time to time during the scan to assure robustness and to compensate for drifts in the sensitivity of the sensor.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:24:20 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,901,243}, Isbn = {5,901,243}, Month = {May}, Publisher = {Hewlett-Packard Company}, Title = {Dynamic exposure control in single-scan digital input devices}, Year = {1999}} @misc{gbb57, Abstract = {A template-type calorimeter comprising a light-transparent substrate having a diffraction grating on a surface thereof, the diffraction grating being operative to diffract light incident thereon from a spaced-apart aperture into its constituent spectral components. A template is provided on a surface of the substrate and arranged to receive the diffracted spectral components. The template has formed thereon at least three spatial filters, each for selectively transmitting diffracted spectral components in accordance with respective ones of the desired color-matching functions such as the CIE x(.lambda.), y(.lambda.), z(.lambda.) or r(.lambda.), g(.lambda.), b(.lambda.) color-matching functions. The diffraction grating and the template may be mounted on opposite sides of the substrate, or they may be mounted in a laterally spaced-apart relationship on the same side of the substrate, in which case the opposite side of the substrate is coated with a reflective material. Detectors are arranged adjacent and behind each spatial filter to detect the spectral components transmitted by the respective filters, and the entire assembly is mounted in a light-tight housing which houses the aperture and the assembly in the desired spaced-apart relationship.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:27:29 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,900,932}, Isbn = {5,900,932}, Month = {May}, Publisher = {Canon Information Systems, Inc.}, Title = {Tristimulus template-type colorimeter}, Year = {1999}} @book{gbb60, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:36:26 -0700}, Editor = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {SPIE/IS\&T International Technical Group Newsletter Electronic Imaging}, Title = {Special Issue: Color Imaging for Digital Publishing}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}} @proceedings{gbb55, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Booktitle = {IS\&T/ SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, 26-29 January 1999}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:39:44 -0700}, Editor = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Eschbach, Reiner}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {SPIE Proceedings Series}, Title = {Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hard Copy, and Graphic Arts IV}, Volume = {3648}, Year = {1999}} @inproceedings{gbb51, Abstract = {The sudden explosion of the World Wide Web as a new publication medium has given a dramatic boost to the electronic publishing industry, which previously was a limited market centered around CD-ROMs and on-line databases. While the phenomenon has parallels to the advent of the tabloid press in the middle of last century, the electronic nature of the medium brings with it the typical characteristic of 4th wave media, namely the acceleration in its propagation speed and the volume of information. Consequently, e-publications are even flatter than print media; Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet share the same computer screen with a home-made plagiarized copy of Deep Throat. The most touted tool for locating useful information on the World Wide Web is the search engine. However, due to the medium's flatness, sought information is drowned in a sea of useless information. A better solution is to build tools that allow authors to structure information so that it can easily be navigated. We experimented with the use of ontologies as a tool to formulate structures for information about a specific topic, so that related concepts are placed in adjacent locations and can easily be navigated using simple and ergonomic user models. We describe our effort in building a World Wide Web based photo album that is shared among a small network of people.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Tillinghast, John and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and Graphic Arts III}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:27:34 -0700}, Editor = {Giordano B. Beretta and Reiner Eschbach}, Month = {January}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {38-45}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Structure and navigation for electronic publishing}, Volume = {3300}, Year = {1998}} @misc{gbb53, Abstract = {The text and image enhancing technique according to the invention is integrated into the decoding or inverse quantization step that is necessarily required by the JPEG standard. The invention integrates the two by using two different quantization tables: a first quantization table (QE) for use in quantizing the image data during the compression step and a second quantization table used during the decode or inverse quantization during the decompression process. The second quantization table QD is related to the first quantization table according to a predetermined function of the energy in a reference image and the energy in a scanned image. The energy of the reference image lost during the scanning process, as represented by the energy in the scanned image, is restored during the decompression process by appropriately scaling the second quantization table according to the predetermined function. The difference between the two tables, in particular the ratio of the two tables, determines the amount of image enhancing that is done in the two steps. By integrating the image enhancing and inverse quantization steps the method does not require any additional computations than already required for the compression and decompression processes.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Konstantinides, Konstantinos}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:27:05 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,850,484}, Isbn = {5,850,484}, Month = {December}, Number = {US1997000940695}, Publisher = {Hewlett-Packard Company}, Title = {Text and image sharpening of JPEG compressed images in the frequency domain}, Year = {1998}} @inproceedings{gbb50, Abstract = {We describe how to build a professional portable portrait studio that can be used with any consumer camera. The studio allows effortless off-line chroma-key insertion of backgrounds. Digital consumer cameras are designed for delivering acceptable images in typical outdoor or small room situations. The cameras fail when tungsten filament lamps are used. The built-in flash tube is too weak to fill the background in a studio setting and cannot be used to trigger professional electronic-flash lamps because the camera's firmware computes the exposure under the assumption that only the build-in flash tube supplies light to the scene when it is activated. A further problem is the position of the lamps. In the case of digital cameras the position is much more delicate than for silver halide film cameras because the sensor's dynamic range is very small and unwanted shadows are easily created. We present two different lamp set-ups for different size rooms.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and Graphic Arts III}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:29:13 -0700}, Editor = {Giordano B. Beretta and Reiner Eschbach}, Month = {January}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {412-418}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Professional portrait studio for amateur digital photography}, Volume = {3300}, Year = {1998}} @inproceedings{gbb49, Abstract = {The World Wide Web has rapidly become the hot new mass communications medium. Content creators are using similar design and layout styles as in printed magazines, i.e., with many color images and graphics. The information is transmitted over plain telephone lines, where the speed/price trade-off is much more severe than in the case of printed media. The standard design approach is to use palettized color and to limit as much as possible the number of colors used, so that the images can be encoded with a small number of bits per pixel using the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) file format. The World Wide Web standards contemplate a second data encoding method (JPEG) that allows color fidelity but usually performs poorly on text, which is a critical element of information communicated on this medium. We analyze the spatial compression of color images and describe a methodology for using the JPEG method in a way that allows a compact representation while preserving full color fidelity.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and Graphic Arts III}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:31:56 -0700}, Editor = {Giordano B. Beretta and Reiner Eschbach}, Month = {January}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {405-411}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Compressing images for the Internet}, Volume = {3300}, Year = {1998}} @misc{gbb52, Abstract = {A color printing system includes a central processing unit for generating color image data, a color monitor for displaying color image data generated by the central processing unit and a color temperature sensing device for sensing color temperature of viewing light in which color images displayed on the monitor and color images printed by the printer are viewed. A first light source has a light output intensity controllable by the central processing unit. The central processing unit is adapted to control the intensity of the first light source in accordance with the color temperature sensed by the sensing device so as to match the color temperature sensed by the sensing device to a potential color temperature. Additionally, a second light source may be provided. The second light source has a different color temperature than the first light source and the central processor can adjust the intensity of the first and second light source based on relative color temperatures. The central processing unit is adapted to adjust the color temperature of either or both intensity of the first and second light sources.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:25:57 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,831,686}, Isbn = {5,831,686}, Month = {November}, Number = {636754}, Publisher = {Canon Information Systems, Inc.}, Title = {Method and apparatus for adjusting correlated color temperature}, Year = {1998}} @proceedings{gbb48, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Booktitle = {IS\&T/ SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, 28-30 January 1998}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:39:33 -0700}, Editor = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Eschbach, Reiner}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {SPIE Proceedings Series}, Title = {Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hard Copy, and Graphic Arts III}, Volume = {3300}, Year = {1998}} @techreport{gbb87, Abstract = {The sudden explosion of the World Wide Web as a new publication medium has given a dramatic boost to the electronic publishing industry, which previously was a limited market centered around CD-ROMs and on-line databases. While the phenomenon has parallels to the advent of the tabloid press in the middle of last century, the electronic nature of the medium brings with it the typical characteristic of 4th wave media, namely the acceleration in its propagation speed and the volume of information. Consequently, e- publications are even flatter than print media; Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet share the same computer screen with Adam's Dilbert and Dogbert. The most touted tool for locating useful information on the World Wide Web is the search engine. However, due to the medium's flatness, sought information is drowned in a sea of useless information. A better solution is to build tools that allow authors to structure information so that it can easily be navigated. We experimented with the use of ontologies as a tool to formulate structures for information about a specific topic, so that related concepts are placed in adjacent locations and can easily be navigated using simple and ergonomic user models. We describe our effort in building a World Wide Web based photo album that is shared among a small network of people.}, Author = {Tillinghast, John and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {publishing; Internet; World Wide Web; documents; structure; knowledge management; storytelling; ontology}, Month = {January}, Number = {HPL-97-162}, Title = {Structure and Navigation for Electronic Publishing}, Type = {External}, Year = {1997}} @inproceedings{gbb44, Address = {Santa Barbara (USA)}, Author = {Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 97)}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:47:37 -0700}, Month = {October}, Pages = {326-329}, Publisher = {IEEE}, Title = {Text and Image Sharpening of Scanned Images in the JPEG Domain}, Year = {1997}} @techreport{gbb88, Abstract = {We present a method for designing JPEG quantization tables that are tailored for color facsimile transmission. The proposed technique combines results on visual acuity and peak contrast sensitivity of the human visual system with results from rate distortion theory. The new tables yield higher compression ratios for a given visual quality, resulting in shorter transmission times.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Natarajan, Balas K.}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {facsimile; document compression; image transmission; reading performance; JPEG; CIELAB}, Month = {February}, Number = {HPL-97-23}, Title = {Perceptually Lossy Compression of Documents}, Type = {External}, Year = {1997}} @inproceedings{gbb47, Abstract = {The main cost of owning a facsimile machine consists of the telephone charges for the communications, thus short transmission times are a key feature for facsimile machines. Similarly, on a packet-routed service such as the Internet, a low number of packets is essential to avoid operator wait times. Concomitantly, the user expectations have increased considerably. In facsimile, the switch from binary to full color increases the data size by a factor of 24. On the Internet, the switch from plain text American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) encoded files to files marked up in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) with ample embedded graphics has increased the size of transactions by several orders of magnitude. A common compressing method for raster files in these applications in the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) method, because efficient implementations are readily available. In this method the implementors design the discrete quantization tables (DQT) and the Huffman tables (HT) to maximize the compression factor while maintaining the introduced artifacts at the threshold of perceptual detectability. Unfortunately the achieved compression rates are unsatisfactory for applications such as color facsimile and World Wide Web (W3) browsing. We present a design methodology for image-independent DQTs that while producing perceptually lossy data, does not impair the reading performance of users. Combined with a text sharpening algorithm that compensates for scanning device limitations, the methodology presented in this paper allows us to achieve compression ratios near 1:100.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Natarajan, Balas K}, Booktitle = {Human Vision and Electronic Imaging II}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:33:54 -0700}, Editor = {Bernice E. Rogowitz and Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas}, Month = {February}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {126-133}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Perceptually lossy compression of documents}, Volume = {3016}, Year = {1997}} @inproceedings{gbb43, Address = {Kyoto (Japan)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Natarajan, Balas K}, Booktitle = {The 8th Congress of the International Colour Association}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:46:44 -0700}, Month = {May}, Organization = {AIC}, Pages = {666-669}, Title = {Encoding Color Images for the World Wide Web}, Volume = {2}, Year = {1997}} @techreport{gbb90, Abstract = {In 1990 the first monochrome print-on-demand (POD) systems were successfully brought to market. Subsequent color versions have been less successful, in my view mostly because they require a different workflow than traditional systems and the highly skilled specialists have not been trained. This hypothesis is based on the observation that direct-to-plate systems for short run printing, which do not require a new workflow, are quite successful in the market place. The Internet and the World Wide Web (W3) are the enabling technologies that are fostering a new print model that is very likely to replace color POD before the latter can establish itself. In this model the consumers locate the material they desire from a contents provider, pay through a digital cash clearinghouse, and print the material at their own cost on their local printer. All the basic technologies for this model are in place; the main challenge is to make the workflow sufficiently robust for individual use.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {World Wide Web; Internet; publishing; media; printing; color hard copy; hypertext; epistemology}, Month = {February}, Number = {HPL-97-33}, Title = {Internet's Impact on Publishing}, Type = {External}, Year = {1997}} @techreport{gbb89, Abstract = {The lightness values of white papers cover and approximate range of fifteen jnd. The tone range of scanners is adjusted for the lightness possible substrate. Therefore, a scan is usually preceded by a preview operation in which the image is subsampled and the data is analyzed to determine the actual tone range. In color facsimile and sheet-fed scanners that do not buffer the entire image, such an operation is not possible. We present a technique in which statistical methods are used to estimate the tone level of the paper. This estimate is used to set the parameters for a tone reproduction curve. The technique is incremental, the statistical data is gathered during the scan. While the scan progresses, the estimate is refined based on the increased amount of data available from the accumulated histogram. This has also the advantage that artifacts due to lamp warming during slow scans (typical for color facsimile) are automatically compensated.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {image processing; color facsimile; scanning; sheet-fed; shading correction; read data normalization; exposure enhancement}, Month = {February}, Number = {HPL-97-30}, Title = {Dynamic Exposure Control In Color Scanners}, Type = {External}, Year = {1997}} @techreport{gbb86-njg, Abstract = {The World Wide Web has rapidly become the hot new mass communication medium. Content creators are using similar design and layout styles as in printed magazines, i.e., with many color images and graphics. The information is transmitted over plain telephone lines, where the speed/price trade-off is much more severe than in the case of printed media. The standard design approach is to use plattized color and to limit as much as possible the number of colors used, so that the images can be encoded with a small number of bits per pixel using the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) file format. The World Wide Web standards contemplate a second data encoding method (JPEG) that allows color fidelity but usually performs poorly on text, which is a critical element of information communicated on this medium. We analyze the spatial compression of color images and describe a methodology for using the JPEG method in a way that allows a compact representation while preserving full color fidelity.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {World Wide Web; Internet; image encoding; data compression; JPEG; GIF; PNG; FlashPix}, Month = {December}, Number = {HPL-97-163}, Title = {Compressing Images for the Internet}, Type = {External}, Year = {1997}} @techreport{gbb85-njg, Abstract = {We describe how to build a professional portable portrait studio that can be used with any consumer camera. The studio allows effortless off-line chroma- key insertion of backgrounds. Digital consumer cameras are designed for delivering acceptable images in typical outdoor or small room situations. The cameras fail when tungsten filament lamps are used. The built- in flash tube is too weak to fill the background in a studio setting and cannot be used to trigger professional electronic-flash lamps because the camera's firmware computes the exposure under the assumption that only the built-in flash tube supplies light to the scene when it is activated. A further problem is the position of the lamps. In the case of digital cameras the position is much more delicate than for silver halide film cameras because the sensor's dynamic range is very small and unwanted shadows are easily created. We present two different lamp set-ups for different size rooms.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {digital camera; portrait photography; lamp; electronic imaging}, Month = {December}, Number = {HPL-97-164}, Title = {Professional portrait studio for amateur digital photography}, Type = {External}, Year = {1997}} @inproceedings{gbb46, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hard Copy, and Graphic Arts II}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:32:44 -0700}, Editor = {Giordano B. Beretta and Reiner Eschbach}, Month = {February}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {76-88}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Dynamic exposure control in color scanners}, Volume = {3018}, Year = {1997}} @inproceedings{gbb45, Abstract = {In 1990, the first monochrome print-on-demand (POD) systems wee successfully brought to market. Subsequent color versions have been less successful, in my view mostly because they require a different workflow than traditional systems and the highly skilled specialists have not been trained. This hypothesis is based on the observation that direct-to-plate systems for short run printing, which do not require a new workflow, are quite successful in the market place. The internet and the World Wide Web are the enabling technologies that are fostering a new print model that is very likely to replace color POD before the latter can establish itself. In this model the consumers locate the material they desire from a contents provider, pay through a digital cash clearinghouse, and print the material at their own cost on their local printer. All the basic technologies for this model are in place; the main challenge is to make the workflow sufficiently robust for individual use.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hard Copy}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:30:36 -0700}, Editor = {Giordano B. Beretta and Reiner Eschbach}, Month = {February}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {200-211}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Internet's impact on publishing}, Volume = {3018}, Year = {1997}} @incollection{gbb41, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Recent Progress in Color Science}, Editor = {Eschbach, Reiner and Brown, Karen}, Pages = {217-222}, Publisher = {Society for Imaging Science and Technology}, Title = {Is color appearance matching necessary?}, Year = {1997}} @proceedings{gbb42, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Booktitle = {IS\&T/ SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, 10-14 February 1997}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:39:12 -0700}, Editor = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Eschbach, Reiner}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {SPIE Proceedings Series}, Title = {Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hard Copy, and Graphic Arts II}, Volume = {3018}, Year = {1997}} @inproceedings{gbb40, Address = {Makuhari Messe (Chiba, Japan)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {5th International Conference on High Technology: imaging Science and Technology, Evolution and Promise}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:45:16 -0700}, Editor = {Ohkawa, Sumio}, Month = {September}, Organization = {Chiba Prefectural Govenrment, Chiba Industrial Technology Advancement Center}, Pages = {148-156}, Title = {Image Processing for Color Facsimile (invited)}, Year = {1996}} @techreport{gbb35, Abstract = {The design of a color facsimile machine presentsa number of unique challenges. From the technical side it requiresa very efficient, seamless integration of algorithms and architecturesin image scanning, compression, color processing, communications,and printing. From the standardization side, it requires thatagreements on the color representation space, negotiation protocols,and coding methods must be reached through a formal internationalstandardization process. This report describes our experiencewith the development of a prototype color facsimile machine, withemphasis on the image processing aspects. The prototype has beendeveloped to provide a test-bed while the standard is being negotiatedand to recognize at an early stage the challenges for commercialdevelopment of color facsimile machines.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Lee, Daniel T. and Lee, Ho John and Mutz, Andrew A. and Natarajan, Balas K}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {facsimile, color facsimile; image compression; image transmission; JPEG, CIELAB}, Month = {August}, Number = {HPL-96-124}, Title = {The Color Facsimile Pipeline}, Type = {External}, Year = {1996}} @techreport{gbb38, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Month = {March}, Title = {Dynamic Exposure Control}, Type = {Confidential}, Year = {1996}} @techreport{gbb37, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Month = {March}, Number = {HPL-96-39}, Title = {Scanner Considerations for Color Facsimile}, Type = {Confidential}, Year = {1996}} @techreport{gbb39, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Month = {May}, Number = {HPL-96-62}, Title = {Evaluating Whiteness}, Type = {Confidential}, Year = {1996}} @misc{gbb34, Abstract = {A color printing system includes a central processing unit for generating color image data, a color monitor for displaying color image data generated by the central processing unit and a color temperature sensing device for sensing color temperature of viewing light in which color images displayed on the monitor and color images printed by the printer are viewed. A first light source has a light output intensity controllable by the central processing unit. The central processing unit is adapted to control the intensity of the first light source in accordance with the color temperature sensed by the sensing device so as to match the color temperature sensed by the sensing device to a potential color temperature. Additionally, a second light source may be provided. The second light source has a different color temperature than the first light source and the central processor can adjust the intensity of the first and second light source based on relative color temperatures. The central processing unit is adapted to adjust the color temperature of either or both intensity of the first and second light sources.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:25:37 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,532,848}, Isbn = {5,532,848}, Month = {July}, Number = {981437}, Publisher = {Canon Information Systems, Inc.}, Title = {Method and apparatus for adjusting correlated color temperature}, Year = {1996}} @misc{gbb33, Abstract = {A correlated color temperature measuring device for measuring the color temperature of light includes a sensor which individually senses plural light components of light incident thereon and for providing plural corresponding digital color component signals representative thereof, a memory which stores correction data for correcting the plural digital color temperature component signals, and a processor which receives the plural digital color component signals from the sensor. The processor accesses the correction data in the memory, corrects the plural color component signals from the sensor based on the correction data and derives a digital signal representative of the color temperature of the incident light. The derived digital signal may be displayed on a digital display or may be outputted on a digital I/O interface in response to a request for digital color temperature information.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:23:45 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,521,708}, Isbn = {5,521,708}, Month = {May}, Number = {981396}, Publisher = {Canon Information Systems, Inc.}, Title = {Correlated color temperature detector}, Year = {1996}} @techreport{gbb36, Abstract = {These days Internet and the World Wide Web are the hottest topics in every walk of life. The Internet frenzy is like a rogue wave, you can either surf it and have the experience of your life-time, or stay on the beach to watch it and maybe get whacked by it. It is easy to jump on the boat, but it is not clear where the long-term opportunities are. In an effort to see the big picture, we examine some desirable features and present some opportunities for interesting research. In addition to a methodology for structuring web sites, we propose a scheme for categorizing links.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Keywords = {World Wide Web; WWW; Web site; Internet; hypertext; publishing; HTML; HTTP; informal; opinionated}, Month = {June}, Number = {HPL-96-99}, Title = {WWW + Structure = Knowledge}, Type = {External}, Year = {1996}} @inproceedings{gbb29, Address = {Limassol (Cyprus, Greece)}, Author = {Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Lee, Ho John and Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Mutz, Andrew A.}, Booktitle = {International Conference on Digital Signal Processing}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:33:34 -0700}, Month = {June}, Title = {A Testbed for Color Imaging and Compression}, Year = {1995}} @techreport{gbb28, Author = {Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Natarajan, Balas K}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Month = {January}, Number = {HPL-95-09}, Title = {Method for Generating JPEG Quantization Tables for Color Facsimile Applications}, Type = {Confidential}, Year = {1995}} @misc{gbb93, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Lamming, Mik}, Month = {October}, Note = {Copies can be obtained from the Communications Department at Xerox PARC. October 29 - November 3, 1995}, Publisher = {Xerox PARC}, Title = {Color in the Eighties}, Year = {1995}} @misc{gbb24, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Lamming, Mik}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:31:13 -0700}, Howpublished = {video}, Month = {October}, Note = {Shown at IS\&T's 11th International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies, October 29 - November 3, 1995, Hilton Head (South Carolina, USA).}, Publisher = {Xerox PARC}, Title = {Color in the Eighties}, Year = {1995}} @inproceedings{gbb32, Address = {Hilton Head (USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Lee, Daniel T. and Mutz, Andrew A.}, Booktitle = {IS\&T's 11th International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:26:25 -0700}, Month = {October}, Organization = {IS\&T}, Pages = {475-478}, Publisher = {IS\&T}, Title = {Implementing a Color Facsimile Machine}, Year = {1995}} @inproceedings{gbb30, Address = {Orlando (USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Chan, Evan F. and Konstantinides, Konstantinos and Lee, Daniel T. and Lee, Ho John and Mutz, Andrew A.}, Booktitle = {Society for Information Display 1995 International Symposium, Seminar, and Exhibition}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:34:30 -0700}, Month = {May}, Organization = {SID}, Publisher = {SID}, Title = {New Group 3 Color Facsimile Standard: Protocol Testing and Performance}, Year = {1995}} @inproceedings{gbb27, Address = {Greensboro (USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {ISCC 64th Annual Meeting}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:32:25 -0700}, Month = {April}, Pages = {28-36}, Publisher = {ISCC}, Title = {Experience with the new Color Facsimile Standard}, Year = {1995}} @inproceedings{gbb31, Address = {Hilton Head (USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {IS\&T's 11th International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:36:03 -0700}, Month = {October}, Pages = {437-440}, Publisher = {IS\&T}, Title = {Digital Color Printing 1995: A Retrospective from the Trenches}, Year = {1995}} @misc{gbb26, Abstract = {A graphical user interface is disclosed for interactively editing a palette of colors in response to signals from a user, such as from a pointing device. The interface provides a color space in a color space window on the user's display and draws each color in the palette in its current location in the color space, thereby showing the relationship of each color in the palette with other colors in the palette. The interface stores all color representations as device independent color specifications in the uniform color space. The user edits a color by moving it from its current location to a destination location, or by changing its lightness coordinate. The graphical user interface also provides for storing a plurality of colorimetrically measured colors representing the display gamut. When the user edits a color, a gamut clipping process ensures that the modified color is producible in the display gamut. The user may select a color space from several color spaces available for display in the color space window, and may flexibly and conveniently display and edit the palette of colors to any of the available color spaces. One of the color spaces available is the uniform CIELAB color space. Another color space available displays a histogram of palette color lightness frequencies.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:25:17 -0700}, Howpublished = {Statutory Invention H1506}, Isbn = {H1506}, Month = {December}, Number = {805691}, Publisher = {Xerox Corporation}, Title = {Graphical user interface for editing a palette of colors}, Year = {1995}} @misc{gbb25, Abstract = {A graphical user interface provides for interactively modifying, on the user's display, the appearance of a palette of colors on one or more hardcopy output devices. The interface provides a graphical representation of a color space in a color space window on the user's display and draws each color in the palette in its current location in the color space, thereby showing the relationship of each color in the palette with other colors in the palette. The interface stores all color representations as device independent color specifications. The user interface stores a plurality of colorimetrically measured colors representing the gamut of one or more target hardcopy output devices, and displays the boundaries of a selected device gamut in the color space. The user manually controls the appearance of a color on an output printer device by moving a color from a current location outside the target gamut to a destination location inside the gamut. The user may also edit the color's lightness signal. A gamut clipping process ensures that the modified color is producible in the target gamut. When the user moves a color from inside a displayed target gamut to outside the gamut, a gamut constraining process prevents the color from being moved beyond the boundaries of the gamut. The user may flexibly and conveniently display and edit the palette of colors in any of several color spaces available, one of which is the uniform CIELAB color space. Modifications to palette colors are stored for future use.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:24:49 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,416,890}, Isbn = {5,416,890}, Month = {December}, Number = {805224}, Publisher = {Xerox Corporation}, Title = {Graphical user interface for controlling color gamut clipping}, Year = {1995}} @techreport{gbb23, Author = {Bhaskaran, Vasudev and Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Konstantinides, Konstantinos}, Institution = {HP Laboratories}, Month = {October}, Number = {HPL-94-90}, Title = {Text and Image Sharpening of JPEG Compressed Images in the Frequency Domain}, Type = {Confidential}, Year = {1994}} @inproceedings{gbb91, Abstract = {An analysis of why people are willing to spend more money to buy color systems versus monochrome systems shows that the colorimetric methods used in today's color management systems are insufficient. To fulfill the user's requirements, it is necessary to preserve the appearance of color when an electronic image is reproduced. After proposing formal definitions for color perception and for color appearance, I will present two problems requiring an appearance model to solve: the color selection problem, and gamut mapping.}, Address = {San Jose (California, USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {Color Hard Copy and Graphic Arts III}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:26:46 -0700}, Editor = {Jan Bares}, Month = {January}, Organization = {IS\&T/SPIE}, Pages = {220-227}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Series = {IS\&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Science \& Technology}, Title = {Is color appearance matching necessary?}, Volume = {2171}, Year = {1994}} @misc{gbb22, Abstract = {A functional color selection system is provided for automatically generating a palette of coordinated, harmonious, and aesthetically pleasing colors from symmetrically manipulating colorimetrically specified colors in a perceptually uniform color space. The color selections system operates in a calibrated color display gamut using device independent color specifications based on internationally recognized color specification systems. A simple-to-use interface is provided for a user to select a key color on which the palette is to be based, and from the key color to select analogous and complement harmony colors. The user may also select chroma and lightness variations of the key, analogous, and complement harmony colors, and these colors will be computed at predetermined equally spaced intervals from those colors in the uniform color space. Colors are generated according to known color theories for selecting harmonious colors. The coordinated color palette selected may be saved in a palette memory for subsequent reuse in a wide variety of color presentation systems.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:24:36 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,311,212}, Isbn = {5,311,212}, Month = {May}, Number = {102129}, Publisher = {Xerox Corporation}, Title = {Functional color selection system}, Year = {1994}} @techreport{gbb20, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {Canon Information Systems}, Month = {June}, Number = {CIS-N-93-742}, Title = {Some Background Information on Perceptual Color Matching Pertinent to Computer Applications}, Type = {Confidential}, Year = {1993}} @inproceedings{gbb18, Address = {Pacifico Yokohama (Yokohama, Japan)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {IS\&T's 9th International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:29:09 -0700}, Month = {October}, Publisher = {IS\&T}, Title = {Desktop Document Preparation and Color Appearance Modeling}, Year = {1993}} @misc{gbb19, Abstract = {A reference color selection system is provided for creating a palette of colorimetrically measured colors. Palettes of colorimetrically measured colors representing naturally occurring objects and specified using a standard device independent color specification, such as the CIE color specification, are arranged in a data base. A simple-to-use color selection user interface permits a user to retrieve, view, and modify each palette. The palette of colors is displayed in a simple arrangement on a display screen such as a color monitor. Each color is transformed into coordinates in a uniform color space, such as the CIELAB space. The user may delete colors not needed, and may create new colors for the palette by mixing two existing palette colors together. The mixing function simulates an artist's ``color wash,'' and is a linear interpolation, or interval scale, in the uniform color space between two end colors selected by the user. A color from the range of intermediate colors may be added by the user to the selected palette, and the new palette may be stored for future use in a wide variety of color presentation systems.}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:26:49 -0700}, Howpublished = {Patent 5,254,978}, Isbn = {5,254,978}, Month = {October}, Number = {980148}, Pages = {120}, Publisher = {Xerox Corporation}, Title = {Reference color selection system}, Year = {1993}} @techreport{gbb21, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {Canon Information Systems}, Month = {September}, Note = {Available as Report PB94-102167 from the NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce.}, Number = {CIS-N-93-743}, Title = {Color Appearance in Computer Applications}, Year = {1993}} @inproceedings{gbb16, Address = {Williamsburg (USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {IS\&T's Eighth International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:38:43 -0700}, Month = {October}, Organization = {IS\&T}, Title = {The Meaning of White}, Year = {1992}} @article{gbb17, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Journal = {Xerox Disclosure Journal}, Pages = {171-174}, Title = {Method for estimating color gamut mapping on a display device}, Year = {1992}} @misc{gbb14, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Stone, Maureen C}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:26:37 -0700}, Howpublished = {video}, Month = {April}, Publisher = {ACM Conference on Office Information Systems, 25-27 April 1990}, Title = {Color Selection}, Year = {1990}} @misc{gbb15, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Stone, Maureen C}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:26:53 -0700}, Howpublished = {video}, Month = {August}, Title = {Color Selection}, Year = {1990}} @misc{gbb12, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Stone, Maureen C}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:24:45 -0700}, Howpublished = {video}, Month = {April}, Publisher = {ACM SIGGRAPH Video Review, Itasca}, Title = {Color Selection}, Year = {1990}} @inproceedings{gbb13, Address = {Rochester (NY, USA)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Booktitle = {SPSE's 43rd Annual Conference}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:26:10 -0700}, Month = {May}, Organization = {IS\&T}, Pages = {94-96}, Publisher = {IS\&T}, Title = {Color Palette Selection Tools}, Year = {1990}} @misc{gbb11, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Stone, Maureen C and Tow, Robert}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 18:07:04 -0700}, Howpublished = {video}, Month = {March}, Note = {19 minutes}, Publisher = {Xerox PARC}, Title = {The Appearance of a Flamingo}, Year = {1989}} @techreport{gbb9, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {Xerox PARC}, Month = {April}, Number = {EDL-88-3}, Title = {A New Approach to Imaging IC Layout and Schematics}, Type = {External}, Year = {1988}} @techreport{gbb10, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Institution = {Xerox PARC}, Month = {December}, Number = {EDL-88-7}, Title = {Selecting Colors for Representing VLSI Layout}, Type = {External}, Year = {1988}} @techreport{gbb8, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Meier, Andreas}, Institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Informatik, Eidgen{\"o}ssische Technische Hochschule}, Month = {August}, Number = {68}, Title = {Scan Converting Polygons Based on Plane-Sweep}, Type = {External}, Year = {1986}} @phdthesis{gbb7, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, School = {ETH}, Title = {An Implementation of a Plane-Sweep Algorithm on a Personal Computer}, Type = {Doctor of Technical Sciences}, Year = {1984}} @inproceedings{gbb6, Address = {Tokyo (Japan)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Burkhard, Helmar and Fink, Peter and Nievergelt, J{\"u}rg and Sugaya, Hiro and Stelovsky, Jan and Ventura, Andrea and Weydert, A Jean}, Booktitle = {IEEE Proc. 6-th International Conference on Software Engineering}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-07 11:16:00 -0700}, Month = {September}, Pages = {340-349}, Title = {{XS}-1: An Integrated Interactive System and its Kernel}, Year = {1982}} @misc{gbb3, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Burkhard, Helmar and Fink, Peter and Nievergelt, J{\"u}rg and Stelovsky, Jan and Sugaya, Hiro and Ventura, Andrea and Weydert, A Jean}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-07 11:15:45 -0700}, Howpublished = {video}, Month = {October}, Publisher = {ETH}, Title = {{XS}-1 Graphics Demo}, Year = {1982}} @inproceedings{gbb5, Address = {Monte Carlo (Monaco)}, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno and Biagioni, Edoardo and Burkhard, Helmar and Fink, Peter and Nievergelt, J{\"u}rg and Stelovsky, Jan and Sugaya, Hiro and Ventura, Andrea and Weydert, A Jean}, Booktitle = {NOCUS International Meeting}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 17:23:16 -0700}, Month = {November}, Organization = {NOCUS}, Pages = {224-242}, Publisher = {NOCUS}, Title = {Man-Machine Communication (invited)}, Year = {1982}} @article{gbb4, Author = {Beretta, Giordano Bruno}, Date-Modified = {2008-07-06 22:18:18 -0700}, Journal = {Information Processing Letters}, Number = {4}, Pages = {162-167}, Title = {Monte {C}arlo Estimation of Numerical Stability in